MiniMax-M3.1-Flash

2026-10-23

Date the weights (or, if earlier, the technical report) were first made public, YYYY-MM-DD, as dated by the publisher. A Hugging Face repository creation date is used only when no dated publisher page exists, with a note.

other (minimax-community)

License of the released weights as declared by the publisher (model card metadata or license file), e.g. apache-2.0, mit, or the name of a custom license.

text + image + video

Input modalities of the released checkpoint as the publisher states them, from: text, image, video, audio, joined with ' + ' in that order ("text", "text + image + video").

428B parameters

Total parameter count as reported by the publisher. See params.note for whether embeddings, MTP heads or vision towers are included.

23B parameters

Parameters used per token in the forward pass, as reported by the publisher.

Not disclosed

Active parameters excluding the input embedding and the output head (unembedding). Stated by the publisher, or computed from params.active by subtracting vocab × d_model for each of the embedding and output head that params.active is stated to include (basis inferred, note with the arithmetic). Not disclosed when the scope of params.active is not stated.

426.4B parameters

Calculated: embedding + output head + all experts + other weights, MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M3.1-Flash@2f33a8b safetensors headers; reproduces stated total (other modalities) and active (non-embedding)

Parameters of the text backbone counted from the released checkpoint's safetensors headers (embedding, output head, all experts and other weights; excluding MTP modules, vision/audio towers and n-gram lookup tables). Shown only when the counts reproduce the publisher's stated total and active parameters within 5% under some scope.

2.458B parameters

Calculated: input embedding + output head, MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M3.1-Flash@2f33a8b safetensors headers

Input embedding plus output head (once if tied), counted from the checkpoint.

423.9B parameters

Calculated: dense + routed backbone weights; excludes input embedding, output head, lookup tables, MTP and other modalities, MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M3.1-Flash@2f33a8b safetensors headers; reproduces stated total (other modalities) and active (non-embedding)

Language backbone weights excluding input embeddings, output head, lookup/Engram tables, MTP modules and vision/audio towers. Equals params.counted_total minus params.counted_embedding. Same validation as params.counted_total.

7.416B parameters

Calculated: max(sum of dense and routed weights sharing a full layers.<index> tensor path), all experts included, MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M3.1-Flash@2f33a8b safetensors headers

Largest group of language-backbone weights sharing a full layers.<index> tensor path, including every routed expert. Excludes lookup/Engram tables, embeddings, output head, MTP and other modalities. Hybrid checkpoints may store mixers and FFNs as separate layers. All-gather volume also depends on wrapping, sharding and dtype.

23.7B parameters

Calculated: non-expert weights + routed experts × 4/128, excluding embedding and output head, MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M3.1-Flash@2f33a8b safetensors headers; reproduces stated total (other modalities) and active (non-embedding)

Active parameters per token excluding the input embedding and output head, counted from the checkpoint as all non-expert weights plus routed-expert weights × top_k / experts. Same validation as params.counted_total.

Approximate publisher figures for a native multimodal model; whether the vision encoder or the DSpark draft head is included is not stated. Same figures as MiniMax-M3.

What the publisher's counts include or exclude (MTP modules, embeddings, vision encoder, n-gram tables).

60

Number of transformer blocks in the main backbone (attention or token mixer plus FFN), excluding MTP modules.

6,144

Residual stream width.

200,064

Embedding table rows (vocab_size in config, may include padding).

No

Input embedding and output head share weights.

102.4

Calculated: d_model / layers

Width-to-depth ratio, d_model divided by the number of blocks.

MSA (block-sparse over GQA)

Token-mixing layer types in the backbone, e.g. GQA, MLA, SWA, Gated DeltaNet, Mamba-2, DSA (DeepSeek sparse attention).

60 MSA

Token-mixer order, summarized as a pattern or layer positions. The fact's optional sequence lists each mixer in order; a ratio alone does not establish the order. Auxiliary prediction modules and standalone FFNs are excluded.

60

Layers whose KV cache grows with full context (dense or sparse global attention, MLA). Excludes sliding-window and linear/recurrent layers.

64

Query heads in the global-attention layers.

4

Key/value heads in the global-attention layers. Not applicable to MLA, whose cache is a shared latent.

8,192

Calculated: heads × head_dim

attn.heads × attn.head_dim, the query projection width of global layers.

16

Calculated: heads / kv_heads

attn.heads divided by attn.kv_heads in global layers.

128

Query/key dimension per head in global-attention layers (for MLA, nope + rope dims).

partial RoPE (64 of 128 dims)

Positional scheme in global layers: RoPE, partial RoPE, NoPE, or mixed per layer type.

10,000,000

RoPE base frequency of the global layers at release.

0.5

Fraction of each head's QK dimensions that are rotated.

Yes

Queries and keys are normalized per head before the dot product.

MSA in all 60 layers: indexer picks 16 key blocks of 128 tokens per query and KV group, the query's own block always among them; 4 index heads × 128 dims

Token-selection mechanism inside global layers, e.g. DSA lightning indexer with top-k.

No

Query/key/value projections have bias terms.

128

Width of the sparse-attention indexer key cached per token in each global layer (DSA lightning indexer), counted in the KV cache.

SwiGLU (swigluoai: gate·σ(1.702·gate)·(up + 1))

FFN activation (SwiGLU, GeGLU, ...).

12,288

Intermediate width of the dense FFN layers that are actually executed.

gate clamped at max 7, up clamped to [−7, 7] before the GLU; all dense, shared and routed FFNs

Clamping of GLU gate / up activations (e.g. SwiGLU limit 7), with the layers it applies to.

No

FFN projections have bias terms.

2

Calculated: ffn.dim / d_model

ffn.dim divided by shape.d_model.

128

Routed experts per MoE layer.

4

Routed experts selected per token.

1

Always-on experts per MoE layer.

3,072

Intermediate width of one routed expert.

3,072

Total intermediate width of the shared expert(s).

3

Number of initial blocks that use a dense FFN instead of MoE.

sigmoid

Gating function over expert logits (softmax, sigmoid).

score-correction bias added to sigmoid scores for top-k selection only

Load-balancing method, with coefficients where disclosed.

2

Multiplier applied to the combined routed-expert output (routed_scaling_factor).

Yes

Selected expert weights are renormalized to sum to 1.

0.5

Calculated: moe.expert_dim / d_model

moe.expert_dim divided by shape.d_model.

32

Calculated: experts / top_k

Routed experts divided by experts selected per token.

0.0537383

Calculated: params.active / params.total

params.active divided by params.total.

Not disclosed

Additional future tokens predicted during pretraining (0 when the model was trained without MTP).

No

The released checkpoint contains the MTP module weights.

RMSNorm (1+w gain)

Normalization layer type in the blocks.

pre

Pre-norm, post-norm, or sandwich (pre and post).

1e-06

Epsilon of the block normalization layers.

Not disclosed

Sequence length of the main pretraining stage.

Not disclosed

Longest sequence length trained on after context extension.

1.049M tokens

Longest context the publisher says the model supports, possibly beyond trained length via RoPE scaling.

Not disclosed

Tokens seen in pretraining including annealing and context extension, as reported.

Not disclosed

Optimizer used for the bulk of parameters.

Not disclosed

Peak learning rate of the main pretraining stage.

Not disclosed

Learning rate at the end of the decay.

Not disclosed

Learning-rate schedule shape with phase boundaries.

Not disclosed

Warmup length in steps or tokens.

Not disclosed

Global batch size, including any batch-size ramp: sequences × sequence length (token total), or the token total alone when only that is stated.

Not disclosed

Decoupled weight decay coefficient.

Not disclosed

(beta1, beta2) of the Adam-family optimizer or its AdamW fallback.

Not disclosed

Global gradient-norm clipping threshold.

Not disclosed

Matmul precision of pretraining (BF16, FP8 recipe, NVFP4 recipe) with the scaling granularity where disclosed. Never inferred from the released checkpoint dtype.

January 2026

Pretraining data cutoff date.

138,240 bytes

Calculated: kv.bytes_at_context / 131072 tokens; uniform BF16, payload only; quantization overhead excluded. Global KV: 60 × (1152 × 16/8) B/entry

Retained KV cache divided by context length, including bounded SWA caches and indexer keys. Exports use uniform BF16 at 131,072 tokens. The website can select uniform payload precision (no quantization overhead) or sourced component formats (including scales and documented padding). This is cache payload, not peak prefill memory or persistent prefix storage.

138,240 bytes

Calculated: 138240 B / 1 tokens (Global KV); uniform BF16, payload only; quantization overhead excluded. Global KV: 60 × (1152 × 16/8) B/entry

Long-context global KV bytes per token, including indexer keys; excludes bounded SWA caches. Compression rates and cross-layer cache reuse are included. Exports use uniform BF16; the website's storage selector also applies here. This is the field to compare with global-KV figures in reports, using the matching storage recipe.

6,010 bytes

Calculated: kv.bytes_per_token (131072 tokens) / (params.active / 1e9); uniform BF16, payload only; quantization overhead excluded. Global KV: 60 × (1152 × 16/8) B/entry

kv.bytes_per_token divided by active parameters in billions (131,072 tokens in exports).

787,799,708 bytes

Calculated: kv.bytes_at_context (131072 tokens) / (params.active / 1e9); uniform BF16, payload only; quantization overhead excluded. Global KV: 60 × (1152 × 16/8) B/entry

kv.bytes_at_context divided by active parameters in billions (131,072 tokens in exports).

18,119,393,280 bytes

Calculated: 138240 B × 131072 (Global KV); uniform BF16, payload only; quantization overhead excluded. Global KV: 60 × (1152 × 16/8) B/entry

Retained KV cache for one sequence at the selected context, including SWA windows and indexer keys. Exports use uniform BF16 at 131,072 tokens. Excludes recurrent state, compressor tail state, draft/MTP caches, temporary prefill tensors, allocator metadata and persistent prefix snapshots. Does not estimate peak prefill or total serving memory.

43

Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index v4.3.2 of the post-trained model, from a dated Wayback snapshot of its Artificial Analysis page. The note names the variant (reasoning setting).